In the marketing and advertising field, What are the various ways to measure the effectiveness of an advertising campaign?

It all depends on the objectives of your campaign.

Decide what your objectives are then you can think of a way to measure whether or not you have achieved them. 

Measure the outcomes of the campaigns against the objectives and targets set for instance an objective like; "Determine what percentage or how many visitors will appear on our online page", after executing the campaign, measure the outcome against the objective and targets set e.g if the outcome might be 80% visitors, this is a success. Other objectives and targets may include; how many likes, views and shares do we get, what is the effect of word of mouth, how many people have subscribed, how many are promising to subscribe, how many referrals do we have etc.

it depends upon the content and objectives of the campaign