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Donald Kirkpatrick, Professor Emeritus at the University of Wisconsin and past president of the American Society for Training and Development (ASTD), first published his Four-Level Training Evaluation Model in1959, in the US Training and Development Journal.
The model was then updated in1975, and again in1994, when he published his best-known work, "Evaluating Training Programs."
The four levels are:
Let's look at each level in greater detail.
This level measures how your trainees (the people being trained), reacted to the training. Obviously, you want them to feel that the training was a valuable experience, and you want them to feel good about the instructor, the topic, the material, its presentation, and the venue.
It's important to measure reaction, because it helps you understand how well the training was received by your audience. It also helps you improve the training for future trainees, including identifying important areas or topics that are missing from the training.
At level2, you measure what your trainees have learned. How much has their knowledge increased as a result of the training?
When you planned the training session, you hopefully started with a list of specific learning objectives: these should be the starting point for your measurement. Keep in mind that you can measure learning in different ways depending on these objectives, and depending on whether you're interested in changes to knowledge, skills, or attitude.
It's important to measure this, because knowing what your trainees are learning and what they aren't will help you improve future training.
At this level, you evaluate how far your trainees have changed their behavior, based on the training they received. Specifically, this looks at how trainees apply the information.
It's important to realize that behavior can only change if conditions are favorable. For instance, imagine you've skipped measurement at the first two Kirkpatrick levels and, when looking at your group's behavior, you determine that no behavior change has taken place. Therefore, you assume that your trainees haven't learned anything and that the training was ineffective.
However, just because behavior hasn't changed, it doesn't mean that trainees haven't learned anything. Perhaps their boss won't let them apply new knowledge. Or, maybe they've learned everything you taught, but they have no desire to apply the knowledge themselves.
At this level, you analyze the final results of your training. This includes outcomes that you or your organization have determined to be good for business, good for the employees, or good for the bottom line.
1. Reaction
Reaction evaluation is how the delegates felt, and their personal reactions to the training or learning experience, for example:
Did the trainees like and enjoy the training?
Did they consider the training relevant?
Was it a good use of their time?
Did they like the venue, the style, timing, domestics, etc?
Level of participation.
Ease and comfort of experience.
Level of effort required to make the most of the learning.
Perceived practicability and potential for applying the learning.
Typically 'happy sheets'.
Feedback forms based on subjective personal reaction to the training experience.
Verbal reaction which can be noted and analysed.
Post-training surveys or questionnaires.
Online evaluation or grading by delegates.
Subsequent verbal or written reports given by delegates to managers back at their jobs.
Can be done immediately the training ends.
Very easy to obtain reaction feedback
Feedback is not expensive to gather or to analyse for groups.
Important to know that people were not upset or disappointed.
Important that people give a positive impression when relating their experience to others who might be deciding whether to experience same.
2. Learning
Learning evaluation is the measurement of the increase in knowledge or intellectual capability from before to after the learning experience:
Did the trainees learn what what intended to be taught?
Did the trainee experience what was intended for them to experience?
What is the extent of advancement or change in the trainees after the training, in the direction or area that was intended?
Typically assessments or tests before and after the training.
Interview or observation can be used before and after although this is time-consuming and can be inconsistent.
Methods of assessment need to be closely related to the aims of the learning.
Measurement and analysis is possible and easy on a group scale.
Reliable, clear scoring and measurements need to be established, so as to limit the risk of inconsistent assessment.
Hard-copy, electronic, online or interview style assessments are all possible.
Relatively simple to set up, but more investment and thought required than reaction evaluation.
Highly relevant and clear-cut for certain training such as quantifiable or technical skills.
Less easy for more complex learning such as attitudinal development, which is famously difficult to assess.
Cost escalates if systems are poorly designed, which increases work required to measure and analyse.
3. Behaviour
Behaviour evaluation is the extent to which the trainees applied the learning and changed their behaviour, and this can be immediately and several months after the training, depending on the situation:
Did the trainees put their learning into effect when back on the job?
Were the relevant skills and knowledge used
Was there noticeable and measurable change in the activity and performance of the trainees when back in their roles?
Was the change in behaviour and new level of knowledge sustained?
Would the trainee be able to transfer their learning to another person?
Is the trainee aware of their change in behaviour, knowledge, skill level?
Observation and interview over time are required to assess change, relevance of change, and sustainability of change.
Arbitrary snapshot assessments are not reliable because people change in different ways at different times.
Assessments need to be subtle and ongoing, and then transferred to a suitable analysis tool.
Assessments need to be designed to reduce subjective judgement of the observer or interviewer, which is a variable factor that can affect reliability and consistency of measurements.
The opinion of the trainee, which is a relevant indicator, is also subjective and unreliable, and so needs to be measured in a consistent defined way.
360-degree feedback is useful method and need not be used before training, because respondents can make a judgement as to change after training, and this can be analysed for groups of respondents and trainees.
Assessments can be designed around relevant performance scenarios, and specific key performance indicators or criteria.
Online and electronic assessments are more difficult to incorporate - assessments tend to be more successful when integrated within existing management and coaching protocols.
Self-assessment can be useful, using carefully designed criteria and measurements.
Measurement of behaviour change is less easy to quantify and interpret than reaction and learning evaluation.
Simple quick response systems unlikely to be adequate.
Cooperation and skill of observers, typically line-managers, are important factors, and difficult to control.
Management and analysis of ongoing subtle assessments are difficult, and virtually impossible without a well-designed system from the beginning.
Evaluation of implementation and application is an extremely important assessment - there is little point in a good reaction and good increase in capability if nothing changes back in the job, therefore evaluation in this area is vital, albeit challenging.
Behaviour change evaluation is possible given good support and involvement from line managers or trainees, so it is helpful to involve them from the start, and to identify benefits for them, which links to the level4 evaluation below.
4. Results
Results evaluation is the effect on the business or environment resulting from the improved performance of the trainee - it is the acid test.
Measures would typically be business or organisational key performance indicators, such as:
Volumes, values, percentages, timescales, return on investment, and other quantifiable aspects of organisational performance, for instance; numbers of complaints, staff turnover, attrition, failures, wastage, non-compliance, quality ratings, achievement of standards and accreditations, growth, retention, etc.
It is possible that many of these measures are already in place via normal management systems and reporting.
The challenge is to identify which and how relate to to the trainee's input and influence.
Therefore it is important to identify and agree accountability and relevance with the trainee at the start of the training, so they understand what is to be measured.
This process overlays normal good management practice - it simply needs linking to the training input.
Failure to link to training input type and timing will greatly reduce the ease by which results can be attributed to the training.
For senior people particularly, annual appraisals and ongoing agreement of key business objectives are integral to measuring business results derived from training.
Individually, results evaluation is not particularly difficult; across an entire organisation it becomes very much more challenging, not least because of the reliance on line-management, and the frequency and scale of changing structures, responsibilities and roles, which complicates the process of attributing clear accountability.
Also, external factors greatly affect organisational and business performance, which cloud the true cause of good or poor results.
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