ما هو الفرق بين Short circuit, open circuit, and Ground fault?

short circuit 

 IF there is a connection presents between phase  and nuteral, between two phase or positve to negitive is calld  as short circuit .

Open circuit

   If the phase line or nuterl line (+or-in case of dc)is not conected to the source to load is calld open circuit

Ground fault

               If the phase line is connet to the eirth line or rhere is any leakage to ground from phase line is calld ground fault

In short circuit a current flows with no voltage, while there is no current flows in open circuit but voltage. Both short circuit and ground fault can cause a fuse blows.

Open Circuit :

1- The open circuit is the difference of electrical potential between two terminals of a device when disconnected from any circuit. 

2- There is no external load connected. No external electric current flows between the terminals. 

3- Open circuit faults are also called as series faults.

4- In the "open circuit" fault , the resistance value between two nodes is an infinite

Short Circuit 

A short circuit (sometimes abbreviated to short or s/c) is an electrical circuit that allows a current to travel along an unintended path with no or a very low electrical Resistance (R) /impedance (Z) this results in an excessive amount of current flowing into the circuit.

Short circuit faults are also called as shunt faults. 

A short circuit fault current can, within milliseconds, be thousands of times larger than the normal operating current of the system. 

Damage from short circuits can be reduced or prevented by employing fuses, circuit breakers, or other overload protection, which disconnect the power in reaction to excessive current. 

Short Circuit Faults

A short circuit can be defined as an abnormal connection of very low impedance between two points of different potential, whether made intentionally or accidentally.

These are the most common and severe kind of faults, resulting in the flow of abnormal high currents through the equipment or transmission lines. If these faults are allowed to persist even for a short period, it leads to the extensive damage to the equipment.These faults are caused due to the insulation failure between phase conductors or between earth and phase conductors or both.

The various possible short circuit fault conditions include three phase to earth, three phase clear of earth, phase to phase, single phase to earth, two phase to earth and phase to phase plus single phase to earth as shown in figure.

The three phase fault clear of earth and three phase fault to earth are balanced or symmetrical short circuit faults while other remaining faults are unsymmetrical faults.

Open Circuit Faults

These faults occur due to opening up of one or more phases due to the failure of one or more conductors. The open circuit faults can be for single, two and three phases (or conductors) open condition.

The most common causes of these faults include joint failures of cables and overhead lines, and failure of one or more phase of circuit breaker and also due to melting of a fuse or conductor in one or more phases.

A ground fault:

It is an accidental contact between an energized conductor and ground or equipment frame. It occurs when the LIVE wire comes into contact with the ground wire or a grounded portion of a junction box or grounded part of an appliance or device. Similar to a short circuit, large amounts of current are forced to flow through the fuse or circuit breaker, causing a fuse to blow or a circuit breaker to trip.