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You have to analyze the configurations of the switchport that is connected to your IP phone. It has to be in the correct voice vlan.
You also need to ensure that the Voice VLAN subnet is being advertised by your Router or Switch. There may be a prefix-list / access-list blocking the subnet somewhere along the way. You can perform a trace from an external location to your voice subnet and see where the packets are dropping.
Also you need to ensure that the DHCP server, whether locally configured on the router, or remotely configured on a server (ip-helper), has enough IP addresses in its DHCP pool for the voice subnet range.
Need to review your configurations to analyze, it could be your DHCP option150, Vlan or inter-vlan or ip-helper address. your phone is not getting a path to reach to your tftp server. as i said for exact answer need to review configurations.
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